...Measured as cell potential in volts (V)....
...or standard cell potential. For Zn(s) +...
...0V Standard reduction potential of 0 volts....
...electrode, the half-cell potential of the Zn...
...half cell's reduction potential is equal to...
...of the oxidation potential, so Zn2+(aq) +...
...occur. A (-) potential means the substance...

...a standard electrode potential, having a symbol,...
...calculate the electrical potential of the cell....
...a 0 volt potential as a reference...
...calculating the cell potential, E?cell. I will...
...potentials, the cell potential is calculated directly...
...find the cell potential for the galvanic...
...potentials. The reduction potential for Zn2+(aq) +...
...and the reduction potential for Cu2+(aq) +...
...calculate the cell potential: E?cell = E?cathode...
...on the reduction potential for the oxidation...
...an actual oxidation potential. In the problem...
...The half cell potential for the oxidation...
...V. The cell potential becomes the sum...
...of the reduction potential and the oxidation...
...and the oxidation potential: E?cell = E?red...
...that relates cell potential and spontaneity as...
...= nonstandard cell potential in volts E?cell...
...= standard cell potential in volts R...
...earlier, the cell potential indicates whether the...
...relationship between cell potential and this Gibbs...
...E = cell potential Using the units...
...volts for cell potential, the Gibbs free...
...as the cell potential: ?G? = –...

...conduct the action potential to the atrioventricular...
...node, the action potential travels into the...
...bundle, the action potential spreads through the...
...called a membrane potential. Resting Potential Most...
...membrane potential. Resting Potential Most animal cells...
...this occurs, a potential energy difference exists...
...they have the potential to do work....
...maintain a resting potential. It must be...
...polarized. The resting potential is the difference...
...positive. An electrical potential difference exists across...
...resting or membrane potential. The resting potential...
...potential. The resting potential of a neuron...
...fluid. The resting potential develops by transporting...
...equilibrium called equilibrium potential, at -70mV (resting...
...at -70mV (resting potential). Some Cl- ions...
...is an action potential? The nerve impulse...
...is an action potential. Electrical, chemical or...
...in the resting potential of the membrane....
...until the resting potential has been restored....
...and membrane's resting potential is maintained. 2....
...maintains the resting potential by restoring the...
...of the action potential. The action potential...
...potential. The action potential starts with the...
...cell. The action potential spreads until it...
...and supports action potential. If myelination decreases,...
...impulse (the action potential) slows down considerably....
...presynaptic axon. Action potential upon reaching the...
...generate an action potential. This new state...
...an excitatory postsynaptic potential or EPSP. At...
...an inhibitory postsynaptic potential or IPSP. A...
...trigger an action potential. Several synaptic terminals...
...on the membrane potential. This is called...
...generate and action potential when some stimulus...
...electrical energy. RECEPTOR POTENTIAL Sensory receptors maintain...
...maintain a resting potential: a difference in...
...produce a receptor potential that may result...
...in an action potential. Each receptor is...
...hyperpolarized. If the potential decreases, the receptor...
...energy ? receptor potential ? action potential...
...potential ? action potential Sensory receptors perform...
...Produces a receptor potential that may become...
...become an action potential SENSE OF HEARING...
...of the receptor potential. Humans can detect...
...of an action potential. The impulse spreads...

...Membrane Potentials Membrane Potential Resting Potential Figure...
...Membrane Potential Resting Potential Figure 48.6 page...
...Maintaining a Membrane Potential Figure 48.7 page...
...Changes in Membrane Potential and Nerve Impulses...
...Action Potentials Threshold Potential Action Potential Figure...
...Threshold Potential Action Potential Figure 48.9 page...
...Integration Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) Inhibitory Postsynaptic...
...(EPSP) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP) Summation Figure...
...Sensory Transduction Receptor Potential Figure 49.2 page...

...voltage, or membrane potential, across its plasma...
...membrane A membrane potential is a localized...
...has a resting potential of -70mV. How...
...Maintains a Membrane Potential. Cations. K+ is...
...in the membrane potential of a neuron...
...in the membrane potential. Types of gated...
...change in membrane potential. Graded Potentials: Hyperpolarization...
...changes in membrane potential Hyperpolarization. Gated K+...
...cell the membrane potential becomes more negative....
...cell the membrane potential becomes less negative....
...negative. The Action Potential: All or Nothing...
...-55mV a threshold potential is achieved. This...
...triggers an action potential. Axons only. In...
...of the action potential. • Step 4:...
...of the action potential. • Step 5:...
...axon The action potential is repeatedly regenerated...
...axon. An action potential achieved at one...
...a new action potential. The refractory period...
...cell. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) hyperpolarizes the...

...maintain the resting potential of a neuron....
...called the membrane potential. The plasma membrane...
...this occurs, a potential energy difference exists...
...they have the potential to do work....
...MEASURING THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL Microelectrodes are used...
...measure the membrane potential of neurons. The...
...registers the membrane potential, the difference in...
...maintain a resting potential. It must be...
...polarized. The resting potential is the difference...
...positive. An electrical potential difference exists across...
...resting or membrane potential. The resting potential...
...potential. The resting potential of a neuron...
...CHANNELS The resting potential results from the...
...when the membrane potential changes. THE NATURE...
...changes in membrane potential that can be...
...PRODUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIAL Depolarization of a...
...is an action potential. A) Threshold phase:...
...in the resting potential. When the change...
...triggers an action potential. The inside of...
...until the resting potential has been restored....
...reaches the threshold potential, it triggers a...
...of the action potential is independent of...
...the usual resting potential of -75 mV....
...axon. The action potential is regenerated along...
...of the action potential, the depolarization is...
...re-initiating the action potential there. The membrane...
...axons, depolarization (action potential) jumps from one...
...the excitatory postsynaptic potential or EPSP. In...
...called inhibitory postsynaptic potential or IPSP. Both...
...on the membrane potential at the hillock...
...to an action potential by a postsynaptic...
...A single action potential from the presynaptic...
...stem cells are potential methods for replacing...
...It has the potential to produce all...

...during photosynthesis. WATER POTENTIAL AND CEL-TO-CELL MOVEMENT...
...called the solute potential or osmotic potential....
...potential or osmotic potential. Water inside the...
...is called pressure potential. Water potential Water...
...pressure potential. Water potential Water potential is...
...Water potential Water potential is the tendency...
...to another. Water potential is a measure...
...of the solute potential and pressure potential...
...potential and pressure potential of the cell....
...the cell. Water potential is expressed by...
...+ ?p Water potential is a form...
...a form of potential energy. Water potential...
...potential energy. Water potential is a measure...
...the cell. Water potential of pure water...
...solute, the water potential is expressed with...
...because the water potential is less than...
...out. The pressure potential (?p ) pushes...
...cell. The pressure potential carries a positive...
...and the water potential becomes a negative...
...of high water potential (very negative) to...
...of lower water potential (less negative). When...
...water movement. Water potential can also be...
...with high water potential to surrounding tissues...
...with lower water potential. The air around...
...soil have water potential. Water in the...
...pressure. The water potential of air, soil...
...etc. The water potential in the soil...
...tissues. The water potential of the air...
...series of water potential differences between the...
...called the water potential gradient. TRANSPIRATION AND...
...gradient in water potential from the atmosphere...
...very negative water potential. Leaves have higher...
...have higher water potential than the atmosphere...
...have higher water potential than the leaves;...
...very low water potential? Morphological adaptations that...
...causes the solute potential to drop below...
...the soil solute potential causing water to...
...This separation creates potential energy called a...
...called a voltage. Potential energy is a...
...or a membrane potential. The voltage across...
...with voltmeters. Membrane potential are small and...
...Thus the resting potential of a plant...
...called an action potential. The action potential...
...potential. The action potential is a rapid...
...negative. The resting potential of cells is...
...lowering the membrane potential by making the...

...creates a membrane potential or voltage because...
...and the membrane potential are forms of...
...are forms of potential (stored) energy that...
...example, the membrane potential generated by proton...
...Differences in water potential drive water transport...
...together called water potential, abbreviated by the...
...the higher water potential to the solution...
...the lower water potential. For example, if...
...a higher water potential than the cell,...
...work. Therefore the potential in water potential...
...potential in water potential refers to the...
...refers to the potential energy that can...
...comparison, the water potential of pure water...
...lowers the water potential because the water...
...a negative water potential. For instance, a...
...has a water potential of -0.23 MPa....
...solute concentration, water potential is directly proportional...
...concentrations on water potential are incorporated into...
...is the pressure potential and psis is...
...is the solute potential (or osmotic potential)....
...potential (or osmotic potential). If a 0.1...
...reverse the water potential. A negative potential...
...potential. A negative potential can decrease water...
...can decrease water potential. Water potential impacts...
...water potential. Water potential impacts the uptake...
...have lower water potential due to the...
...affect the water potential gradient or the...
...down its water potential gradient. This raises...
...when its water potential is different from...
...stele lowers water potential there, generating a...
...lowers the water potential, drawing water from...
...from where its potential is higher to...
...lowering the water potential in the root...
...gradients of water potential drive the osmotic...
...turgor pressure. The potential rate of transpiration...
...This decreasing water potential in guard cells...
...resulting voltage (membrane potential) drives K+ into...
...lowers the water potential and causes water...
...increases the water potential and causes water...
...reduces the water potential inside the sieve-tube...

...in the membrane potential of a receptor...
...energy ? receptor potential. First, there is...
...change in membrane potential called a receptor...
...called a receptor potential. Specific receptor molecules...
...into a receptor potential, the signal is...
...stimulus and receptor potential affect the amount...
...trigger an action potential in the sensory...
...of the receptor potential. Humans can detect...
...depolarized. The membrane potential is about -40...
...sends an action potential. COLOR VISION There...
...of an action potential. The impulse spreads...
...a second action potential arrives before the...
...input. The action potential of cardiac cells...
...membrane during action potential, and the amount...

...energy is strictly potential energy? A) mechanical...
...in the membrane potential are called A)...
...62) The equilibrium potential and the reversal...
...and the reversal potential for a cell...
...81) When the potential of a cell...
...the resting membrane potential. (The electrogenic contributions...
...the cell's membrane potential would not be...
...the resting membrane potential, it does generate...
...the resting membrane potential. 92) Proteins form...